difference between inbred and outbred

In the latter . We developed an assay of social behavior, the tube cooccupancy test.

An F1hybrid is the first generation cross of two inbred strains. Levels of activity of xanthine dehydrogenase in homogenates of individual flies were measured by fluorometry for three inbred strains and two large, randomly breeding, laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.The patterns of activity during the first five days following eclosion differed significantly between the inbred strains and the randomly breeding populations. Each population was . Only the proportions of childhood deaths were found to be significantly higher in the inbred marriages (p < 0.005).

When we tested the same treatment with ICR (outbred) mice, however, we obtained largely scattered results. Outbred mice are bred specifically to maximize genetic diversity and heterozygosity within a population. In other words, they will feature less variability. To address whether inbreeding affects variation in offspring sex ratios, and to infer the mechanisms governing it, we conducted inbred and outbred single-donor crosses (with pollen from a male related to the females and from an unrelated male, respectively) and compared them to two-donor crosses with a 1:1 mixture of pollen from the related and . For instance, differences are found between inbred and F1 mice in terms of activity patterns and performance in tests (e.g.

Inbreeding may also influence performance directly (inbreeding depression), or through non-morphological factors such as behaviour. Inbred and outbred nude mice? Inbred mice are genetically homogeneous and there is very little variation or heterogeneity within a pure inbred strain. An ideal COI is 0%, and at over 5% the puppies are likely to have health problems. For a parent to . In a discussion of the choice of inbred strains versus outbred stocks, the guidelines suggest, "An investigator working with species for which inbred strains are available would be well advised to use them.

Specifically, we aimed to determine: (1) whether inbreeding significantly affects floral traits that are likely involved in pollinator recruitment (specifically floral volatiles and corolla size); (2) whether the observed differences, if any, correlate with floral rewards, and hence the relative resource value of inbred and outbred flowers for . Inbreeding level was treated as a fixed effect, and block, maternal family, and a family inbreeding interaction were included in the model as random effects. Levels of activity of xanthine dehydrogenase in homogenates of individual flies were measured by fluorometry for three inbred strains and two large, randomly breeding, laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Use of a novel outbred by inbred F1 cross to detect genetic markers for growth. This distinction has several consequences. We compared a range of phenoty We compared inbred 129Sv (n=25), C57BL/6J (n=23), and outbred Swiss (n=23) lactating female mice. To ensure there was no . What is the difference between inbred and outbred mice? Studies have shown that some of these differences in levels of susceptibility to NDV infection may be accounted for by variability in the innate immune response amongst various breeds of poultry to NDV infection. Likewise, the probability that x will receive A2 from both 3 and 4 = 1/16. We found a strong family . This difference between inbred and outbred females was statistically significant for number of investigations (Table 1; Within-subjects contrasts, interaction term: OB versus IB male female inbreeding status), and there was a similar, but non-significant trend for duration of investigations.

One way forward would be to use a small battery of inbred strains instead of the single outbred stock currently used in toxicity screening. Likewise, there was no difference between inbred and outbred females in the number of larvae present before carcasses were exchanged (t 23 = 0.69, p = 0.49). For example, female mice of different inbred strains are less sensitive than male mice to the depressant effects of nicotine on spontaneous motor activity (Hatchell & Collins, 1980; Lopez, Simpson, White, & Randall, 2003), although no sex differences were observed between male and female mice of the outbred strain ICR (Damaj, 2001). They show that C57BL/6 miceconsidered to be a prototypical Th1-biased mouse strainpresent . For those doing animal research, the choice of whether to use inbred or outbred animals depends on the specific question being . Released inbred flies only did poorly (i.e., weren't caught as frequently meaning that they probably were less successful in finding food and perished) relative to outbred flies when the temperature was warm (daytime). G., Belzung, C., Perrault, G. et al. This distinction has several consequences. Cold (i.e., night) releases failed to show any difference between inbred and outbred flies. Other aberrations compared to outbred (and wild-derived) mice are less well known and include abnormal stress/anxiety and aggression responses 10, 11, activity levels 12, and social behavior 13, 14. This assay is able to identify deficits in social behavior of known "autistic-like" mouse strains. Two experiments with outbred (OB1 and OB2, black line) and two with inbred Babraham pigs (BM1 and BM2, red line) were performed. What does the word inbred mean? Dive into the research topics of 'Inbreeding depression increases susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in lions: An experimental test using an inbred-outbred contrast through translocation'. However, a final caveat must be noted, namely that the difference between the inbred and outbred lines could have occurred not because of purging but as a result of drift. .Outbred mice are bred specifically to maximize genetic diversity and heterozygosity within a population. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. Twenty-eight inbred (I, inbreeding coefficient 0-375 and 0-5) and 28 matching outbred (O) sheep, aged 26 weeks, were housed and allocated in equal number to two planes of nutrition, a high plane (H), involving ad libitum feeding on a pelleted diet, the other a low plane (L), restricted to an amount of the same diet which would maintain live weight. Eigenvector 2 shows that much of the remaining variation (7%) segregates within the Bangor colony. Outbred mice are somewhat like the human population, with profound genetic differences between individuals. BackgroundInhalation of benzene at levels below the current exposure limit values leads to hematotoxicity in occupationally exposed workers.ObjectiveWe sought to evaluate Diversity Outbred (DO) mice as a tool for exposure threshold assessment and to identify genetic factors that influence benzene-induced genotoxicity.MethodsWe exposed male DO mice to benzene (0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm; 75 mice . Animal Genetics, 2003 . Under this scenario, the difference in survival between the inbred and the outbred beetles underestimated what would have happened in the absence of immune-priming. Together they form a unique fingerprint. As heterozygotes result from outbreeding, the fitness of outbred progeny depends on whether the favorable or disadvantageous allele is dominant . This also demonstrates that DO mice are. Because toxicity depends in part on how chemicals and genes interact, genetically inbred micegenerated by breeding siblingstend to respond similarly to the agents tested in a given study. However, hybrids do not always display better scores . Likewise, the probability that x will receive A2 from both 3 and 4 = 1/16. An outbred mouse stock is a closed population (for at least four generations) of genetically variable animals that is bred to maintain maximum heterozygosity. On the other hand, the Fst values between crossbred structure of the inbred and outbred groups, admixture analysis groups were in the range 0.06-0.08 (Table 2). Bold values of indicate a significant difference between inbred and outbred males. Inbred strains are more stable, more uniform, more repeatable, and better defined than outbred stocks. Age differences in cognition have been found in many learning and memory tasks. Many genes are intermixed from both parents to produce offspring in a population that has little genetic homogeneity. 2004). For a parent to . Differences between inbred and outbred plants in pollen viability were analyzed with a generalized linear model using SAS Proc Glimmix and a logit link function.

In contrast, such differences can be detected easily in inbred strains [2] due to stabil- The magnitude of inbreeding depression became smaller with increasing , but such decreasing difference between inbred and outbred fitness could not be ascribed to purging, because the fitness of inbred progeny did not increase with increasing . By contrast, there was no significant difference in gene expression between inbred and outbred individuals (p = 0.76; figure 1b), and the inbreeding treatment did not interact significantly with either sex or chromosomal location (p = 0.44 and 0.91; table 1). Twenty-eight inbred (I, inbreeding coefficient 0-375 and 0-5) and 28 matching outbred (O) sheep, aged 26 weeks, were housed and allocated in equal number to two planes of nutrition, a high plane (H), involving ad libitum feeding on a pelleted diet, the other a low plane (L), restricted to an amount of the same diet which would maintain live weight. - Close inbreeding unusual in natural populations Approximately 75 percent of all rats and mice produced commercially are non-inbred (outbred). The best way to reduce the chances of inbreeding is to look at co-efficient of inbreeding (COI) before matching two parent dogs, or when choosing which litter of puppies to buy from. phenotypic differences among different inbred and outbred rodent strains. Genetically, there are two major classes of laboratory mice: inbred and outbred. However, breeding history may vary considerably between strains, driving differences in genetic variation and phenotypes used for assessing effects of chemical exposure. .

No such sex effect on digit ratio asymmetry exists in humans (Putz et al.

Comparisons for each inbred-outbred pair of male canaries showed no differences for the first three of the four analyzed song parameters, indicating that inbreeding status had no role in the birds . That has certain advantages; for instance, it limits the number of animals needed to detect statistically significant differences in chemical effects. Therefore, experiments can be more powerful, faster . To test for differences between populations of C. maculatus in inbreeding depression we calculated a measure of the proportional reduction in survival due to inbreeding depression, d=(Mean outbred x Mean inbred)/Mean outbred, calculated separately for each family, then used a Mann-Whitney U-test to test for differences in d between populations . Some ICR mice were already relatively resistant to hypoxia without the treatment, while others were still vulnerable even with the treatment. Thus, in most instances the inbred population was not less noisy than outbreds. There was no size difference between inbred and outbred male founders when the enclosure populations were begun (outbred male mass = 17.29 0.54 g, inbred male mass . These age-related cognitive deficits are at least partially caused by pathologic changes that accompany aging.

The key difference between inbreeding and outbreeding is that inbreeding is a process of mating or breeding genetically close relatives for 4 to 6 generations while outbreeding is a process of mating distantly related or unrelated individuals over 4 to 6 generations. . First, only a fraction of the parents from an outbred population are informative. Today we look at whether inbred dogs can make normal, healthy pets. Using the test, we revealed a major difference in social behavior between inbred and outbred strains, with only the latter behaving similar to wild mice. . These characteristics were often selected in the development of the inbred strains as models for particular diseases. Synonyms: exogamic, exogamous. Plot position was entered as a blocking factor for both seasons, and size at the end of the first . Inbred strains can be very sensitive to changes in environment and, while some inbred strains breed quite well, others may continue to struggle with poor reproductive performance and small litter sizes, making them vulnerable to extinction. (A) Pigs were infected with H1N1pdm09 and culled on the days indicated. Worldwide pharmaceutical and CRO research consumes over 70 percent of all of the commercially produced laboratory animals. body composition and several physiological variables in an F2 intercross between fat and lean .

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