LS23 6AD 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. West Yorkshire, France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Use your outline Doodle's Point of View Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. Spouse: None. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. migration? Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. J. This increased tension between England and Spain. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Boston House, This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. West Yorkshire, JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Why religious compromise was so difficult. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. 214 High Street, As such, I disagree with the statement. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The conspirators including Babington were all. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. . When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Boston Spa, Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. From there we will look at the career . She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. By 1568 most people had accepted. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Foreign Affairs. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. France was at war with England and Spain. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. 1. - rebelling of scottish lords. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. to answer the Section Focus Question: This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Company Reg no: 04489574. The war was going badly for England. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The attack was a success. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England.
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